Which of the following is a challenge associated with traction system electrification?

High initial costs are a significant challenge associated with traction system electrification. When transitioning from diesel or other non-electric traction systems to electrification, substantial investments are often required for infrastructure development, such as the installation of overhead lines, substations, and necessary upgrades to existing facilities. These upfront costs can deter operators and investors, especially in cases where the return on investment may take time to realize.

While other challenges like energy output, user interest, and performance consistency are important factors in evaluating traction systems, they do not present the same immediate financial barrier as the initial capital required for electrification. The shift to electric traction aims to improve operational efficiency and reduce long-term operational costs, yet the significant initial financial outlay remains a key consideration for railway companies and transit authorities.